An anhydrous formulation is a cosmetic product formulated without an intentionally added aqueous phase. Typical examples include facial oils, balms, lipsticks, cleansing oils and oil-based treatments.

The aqueous phase is the water-containing portion of a cosmetic formulation and commonly contains water-soluble ingredients such as humectants, buffers, polymers, salts and water-soluble active ingredients.

An active ingredient is a substance intentionally included in a cosmetic formulation to provide a specific functional or skin- or hair-related benefit. Its use, concentration and claims must be appropriate to the applicable regulatory framework.

Phenethyl alcohol is an aromatic alcohol found naturally in various essential oils, foods and other natural sources and is widely used in cosmetics as a fragrance ingredient and preservative-supporting agent. It provides a characteristic soft, rose-like aroma and can help inhibit the growth of microorganisms in cosmetic formulations.

Glutamic acid is a naturally occurring amino acid and an important component of proteins and the skin's natural moisturizing system. In cosmetic formulations, it is primarily used as a humectant, antistatic and skin-conditioning ingredient and is also a precursor to several glutamate-based cosmetic ingredients.

Citrus paradisi (grapefruit) peel oil is a citrus essential oil obtained from the fresh peel of grapefruit, primarily by cold expression. It is valued in cosmetic formulations for its fresh citrus fragrance and is commonly used as a fragrance and masking ingredient in skincare, haircare and personal care products.

Juniperus communis fruit extract is a botanical extract obtained from the ripe fruits of Juniperus communis L. It is used in cosmetic formulations primarily for its skin-conditioning and antioxidant properties and is particularly valued as a botanical ingredient in skincare and color cosmetic products.

Resveratrol is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound and phytoalexin found in plants such as grapes and Japanese knotweed. In cosmetic formulations, it is primarily valued for its antioxidant and skin-protective properties and is widely studied for its potential role in protecting skin from oxidative stress and photoaging.

Lawsone is a naturally occurring naphthoquinone pigment found primarily in the leaves of henna (Lawsonia inermis). It is responsible for henna's characteristic orange-red color and has a strong affinity for keratin, making it an important natural colorant for hair and skin applications.

Juglans nigra, commonly known as black walnut, is a deciduous tree native to North America that has a long history of traditional medicinal and topical use. Its bark, leaves, fruit and seed oil have been used in traditional preparations, while its hulls and bark are also valued as natural sources of tannins and brown pigments.

Coriander seed oil is a plant-derived oil obtained from the seeds of Coriandrum sativum L. It is rich in petroselinic acid and has a long history of traditional use, while modern research has investigated its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties and its potential applications in cosmetic formulations.

Camellia japonica seed oil, also known as Tsubaki oil or Japanese tea seed oil, is a plant-derived fixed oil rich in oleic acid. It is widely used in cosmetic formulations for its emollient, skin-conditioning and protective properties and is particularly valued in skin and hair care products.

Tranexamic acid is a synthetic amino acid derivative with antifibrinolytic, anti-inflammatory and antimelanogenic properties. In topical skincare, it is increasingly used in formulations targeting the appearance of hyperpigmentation, uneven skin tone and melasma.

Azelaic acid, also known as nonanedioic acid, is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid used in cosmetic and dermatological formulations. It is particularly associated with products for blemish-prone, redness-prone and uneven-toned skin.

A chemical sunscreen that absorbs UV rays.

CoQ10 is an antioxidant that protects the skin from free radical damage

When used as an active ingredient in an OTC sunscreen product, this ingredient will be listed on the label as Octinoxate

In many Arabian, Asian and African countries, black seed oil is used as a natural remedy for a wide range of diseases, including various allergies

Licorice has been known since ancient times, it was recommended for quenching the thirst, to combat cramps caused by stomach ulcers and asthma

Sesamum indicum (Sesame) Seed Oil is a very lubricious and oil that leaves a soft film of protective oil on the skin to protect against moisture loss

Centella Asiatica is one of the most exciting new materials to come under scientific scrutiny and is probably better known as Gotu Kola or Indian Pennywort

Ricinus oil is one of the richest oils known to nature and certainly one of the glossiest when applied to the skin

Vitamin E is found widely throughout nature, particularly in wheatgerm oil

Montmorillonite is a type of refined clay, composed of hydrated aluminium silicate

Kaolin or China Clay is mainly hydrated aluminium silicate and is a mined mineral

In the traditional medicine of India, green tea is recorded as a mild excitant, stimulant, diuretic and astringent

Bakuchiol is an effective ingredient, especially when combined with an exfoliating agent like salicylic acid, for the treatment of acne

AHAs (Alpha Hydroxy Acids) are fruit acids that produce a mild exfoliating effect on the skin