What Is Daucus Carota Sativa (Carrot) Seed Oil?

Daucus Carota Sativa (Carrot) Seed Oil is an essential oil extracted from the seeds of Daucus carota, a plant belonging to the Apiaceae family. The plant is also known as wild carrot or Queen Anne's lace. It is important to distinguish carrot seed essential oil from carrot macerated oil, which is produced using a different extraction process.

Carrot seed oil contains a complex mixture of naturally occurring aromatic compounds, including α-pinene, carotol, daucol, limonene, β-bisabolene, β-elemene, geraniol, geranyl acetate, caryophyllene and α-terpineol, among others.

Cosmetic Properties

Carrot seed oil is traditionally valued as a natural skin-conditioning ingredient.

It is particularly associated with formulations for dry, mature and rough-feeling skin, where it can contribute to a softer and more supple skin feel.

Applications in Cosmetic Products

Carrot seed oil is commonly considered for formulations such as:

• Sun care products
• Skin care products for mature skin
• Products for dry and scaly skin
• Facial oils and serums
• Body care products

Carrot Seed Oil in Skin Care

The original source describes carrot oil as supporting the appearance of ageing skin and skin with a tendency toward cornification and the appearance of fine wrinkles. It also describes traditional use for dry and scaly skin and for improving the softness and suppleness of the skin.

When used in a cosmetic formulation, these traditional properties should be translated into appropriate cosmetic claims and supported by evidence where required.

Ingredient Information

INCI Name: Daucus Carota Sativa (Carrot) Seed Oil
CAS Number: 8015-88-1
EINECS Number: Not found

What Is Cucurbita Pepo (Pumpkin) Seed Oil?

Cucurbita Pepo Seed Oil, commonly known as pumpkin seed oil, is the oil expressed from the seeds of the pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo). It is a plant-derived oil valued in cosmetic formulations for its nourishing, lubricating and skin-conditioning properties.

Pumpkin seed oil can be used for different skin types and is traditionally associated with the care of skin affected by superficial dryness and the appearance of fine lines.

Cosmetic Properties

Pumpkin seed oil is primarily used as an emollient, helping to soften and smooth the skin while contributing to a more comfortable skin feel.

The oil is also traditionally used to help prevent moisture loss from the skin. Its nourishing and lubricating characteristics make it suitable for formulations where a richer plant-oil component is desired.

Applications in Cosmetic Products

Cucurbita Pepo Seed Oil can be incorporated into a range of skin care formulations, including:

• Face creams
• Body lotions
• Facial oils
• Serums
• Balms
• Moisturising products
• Products for dry skin

It can be incorporated into the oil phase of emulsions or used as a key component of anhydrous oil-based formulations.

Traditional Uses

Pumpkin seed oil has also been traditionally used in skin care to support the restoration of the skin and the care of minor wounds and sores, as well as to help protect the skin from environmental exposure.

When used in modern cosmetic products, such traditional uses should be distinguished from specific efficacy claims that require appropriate substantiation.

Ingredient Information

INCI Name: Cucurbita Pepo (Pumpkin) Seed Oil
CAS Number: 8016-49-7
EINECS Number: 289-741-0

What Is Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract?

Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract is a botanical ingredient obtained from cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Cucumber has a long history of use in skin care and is commonly associated with a cooling, soothing and refreshing effect.

Because of these properties, cucumber extract is frequently incorporated into formulations designed to provide comfort and hydration, particularly for skin that feels dry, stressed or sensitive.

Cosmetic Applications

Cucumber extract is used in a wide variety of cosmetic products, including:

• After-sun products
• Body lotions
• Eye pads and eye-care products
• Skin fresheners
• Moisturisers
• Products for oily skin
• Skin-conditioning and firming products

Its refreshing and soothing profile makes it particularly suitable for products intended to provide a pleasant cooling sensation and a comfortable skin feel.

Properties of Cucumber Extract

Cucumber extract is traditionally valued for its cooling, soothing, smoothing and refreshing properties. These characteristics make it a versatile botanical ingredient for skin care formulations.

Ingredient Information

INCI Name: Cucumis Sativus (Cucumber) Fruit Extract
CAS Number: 89998-01-6
EINECS Number: 289-738-4

What Is Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil?

Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil, commonly known as coconut oil, is a vegetable oil obtained from the kernels of the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera). It is widely used in cosmetic formulations because of its emollient, conditioning and skin-softening properties.

Coconut oil is composed primarily of triglycerides containing saturated fatty acids, particularly lauric acid, together with myristic, palmitic, caprylic and capric acids. Its fatty acid composition contributes to its characteristic physical properties and cosmetic performance.

Cosmetic Properties of Coconut Oil

Coconut oil is primarily used as an emollient. It helps soften and smooth the skin and can contribute to a pleasant, conditioning skin feel.

It is also widely used in hair care because it can provide conditioning and emollient properties to the hair fibre. Its relatively rich sensory profile makes it particularly suitable for formulations intended to provide a nourishing or protective feel.

Applications in Cosmetic Products

Coconut oil is used in a broad range of cosmetic products, including:

• Face and body creams
• Body lotions and balms
• Lip care products
• Cleansing products
• Massage products
• Hair conditioners
• Hair masks
• Hair oils and treatments
• Soaps and other cleansing products

It can be incorporated into both anhydrous products and the oil phase of emulsions.

Coconut Oil in Cosmetic Formulation

Coconut oil is solid or semi-solid at typical room temperatures and has a relatively low melting point. This characteristic can be useful when developing balms, body butters and other semi-solid formulations.

When used in emulsions, the amount of coconut oil can influence the final texture, spreadability and sensory profile of the product. The selection of coconut oil should therefore take into account its grade, processing method and intended application.

Ingredient Information

INCI Name: Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Oil
CAS Number: 8001-31-8
EINECS Number: 232-282-8

What Is Citric Acid?

Citric Acid is one of the best-known and most widely used fruit acids. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits and is also produced commercially through fermentation, with Aspergillus niger commonly used in its production.

In cosmetic formulation, citric acid is primarily used to adjust and buffer the pH of products. It is particularly useful when a formulation needs to be brought within a specific pH range suitable for the intended product and application.

Citric Acid in Cosmetic Formulation

Citric acid is commonly used to adjust cosmetic formulations toward an acidic pH.

It is considered a relatively mild acid and is practically odourless, making it suitable for a wide range of cosmetic applications when used at appropriate concentrations.

Citric acid can be particularly useful in formulations where pH control is important for product stability, skin compatibility and the performance of other ingredients.

Applications of Citric Acid

Citric acid can be found in a variety of cosmetic and personal-care products, including:

• Skin care products
• Hair rinses
• Bath products
• Bath salts
• Mouthwashes
• Nail care products
• Astringent lotions
• Cleansing and bleaching preparations

A 7% aqueous solution of citric acid has an acidity comparable to lemon juice, although it does not provide vitamin C activity.

Citric Acid and Product pH

Controlling pH is an important part of cosmetic formulation. Citric acid can be added during formulation to achieve the desired pH and, together with an appropriate buffering system, help maintain that pH within the required range.

The required concentration depends on the formulation, its initial pH, the desired final pH and the other ingredients present.

Ingredient Information

INCI Name: Citric Acid
CAS Number: 77-92-9
EINECS Number: 201-069-1

What Is Charcoal?

Charcoal is a carbon-rich material produced by heating organic substances under controlled conditions. In cosmetic applications, charcoal is typically used as a fine powder and is valued primarily for its ability to adsorb substances onto its surface.

Adsorptive Properties of Charcoal

The porous structure and large surface area of activated forms of carbon allow them to adsorb various substances. This property is well established in water treatment, where powdered carbon can remove dissolved organic compounds, colour-causing substances, pesticides and compounds responsible for taste and odour.

In cosmetic formulations, these adsorptive properties are one reason charcoal is incorporated into cleansing and purifying products.

Charcoal in Cosmetic Products

Charcoal can be incorporated into products such as:

• Facial cleansers
• Cleansing masks
• Exfoliating products
• Body cleansing products
• Soap and solid cleansing products

It is particularly associated with products designed to provide a deep-cleansing or purifying sensory experience.

The final performance of charcoal in a cosmetic product depends on the type and grade of carbon used, its particle characteristics, concentration and the overall formulation.

Safety Considerations

As with any cosmetic ingredient, the suitability of a particular charcoal grade should be evaluated according to its intended use, specifications, purity and the finished formulation.

Ingredient Information

INCI Name: Charcoal Powder
CAS Number: 8021-96-6
EINECS Number: Not found

What Is Cellulose Gum?

Cellulose Gum is a modified cellulose polymer derived from cellulose, the main structural component of plant fibre. Cellulose is found in many plant materials, including wood pulp and cotton, which can contain approximately 90% cellulose.

Cellulose Gum is widely used in cosmetic, skin care and hair care formulations because it swells in water, allowing it to modify the viscosity and texture of aqueous formulations.

Functions in Cosmetic Formulation

Cellulose Gum is primarily used as a thickening agent and emulsifier. When dispersed in water, it can increase the viscosity of a formulation and contribute to the desired texture and consistency of the finished product.

It can also support the physical stability of cosmetic formulations by helping keep ingredients uniformly dispersed.

Cellulose Gum may be used in a wide range of products, including:

• Skin care products
• Hair care products
• Creams and lotions
• Cleansing products
• Gels
• Other water-based cosmetic formulations

Use Level

Cellulose Gum can be used in cosmetic products at concentrations of up to 10%, depending on the formulation and intended function.

The appropriate concentration depends on the desired viscosity, product type, processing conditions and interaction with other formulation ingredients.

Ingredient Information

INCI Name: Cellulose Gum
CAS Number: 9004-32-4
EINECS Number: Not found

What Is Cananga Odorata Flower Extract?

Cananga Odorata Flower Extract is an extract obtained from the flowers of Cananga odorata, a plant belonging to the Annonaceae family. The plant is commonly known as ylang-ylang.

Ylang-ylang is traditionally associated with a calming and relaxing sensory experience. Its fragrance is described as sweet, sensual and reminiscent of almonds, making the ingredient particularly relevant to cosmetic formulations where fragrance and sensorial experience are important.

Cosmetic Properties

Cananga odorata is traditionally used for its soothing and relaxing properties. In cosmetic applications, these characteristics make it suitable for products designed to provide a calming and pleasant sensory experience.

Ylang-ylang is also traditionally associated with helping to relieve feelings of tension and promoting relaxation. When used in cosmetics, such properties should be presented as cosmetic or sensory benefits rather than therapeutic claims.

Applications in Cosmetics

Cananga Odorata Flower Extract can be considered for formulations where a botanical ingredient with a distinctive aromatic profile is desired. It may be used in:

• Skin care products
• Body care products
• Massage products
• Relaxation-focused formulations
• Fragranced cosmetic products

Its characteristic fragrance can also contribute to the overall sensory profile of a finished product.

Ingredient Information

INCI Name: Cananga Odorata Flower Extract
CAS Number: 83863-30-3
EINECS Number: 281-092-1

What Is Caffeine?

Caffeine is a naturally occurring xanthine alkaloid found in coffee, tea, cocoa, guarana, kola nuts and other plants. It is a bitter, white crystalline substance and is well known for its stimulating effect on the central nervous system.

In cosmetics, caffeine is used as a functional ingredient in formulations where a stimulating, toning or conditioning effect on the skin is desired.

Caffeine in Cosmetic Formulations

Caffeine is used in a variety of cosmetic products, including:

• Eye creams and gels
• Body care products
• Bath products
• Cleansers
• Make-up products
• Shaving preparations
• Anti-cellulite products

It is particularly common in eye-care formulations, where it is used in products intended for the care of the eye contour and the appearance of puffy-looking skin.

Cosmetic Properties of Caffeine

Caffeine is used topically for its stimulating and toning properties. It can also contribute to the conditioning of the skin and is used in formulations intended to improve the appearance and feel of the skin.

Caffeine is useful in products targeting the appearance of puffiness around the eyes.

Caffeine is also frequently incorporated into body-care and anti-cellulite formulations, where it is used as part of cosmetic products designed to improve the appearance and condition of the skin.

Caffeine in Eye Care Products

Caffeine is a popular ingredient in eye creams and gels, particularly formulations designed for the appearance of puffy eyes and tired-looking skin.

Its use in these products is generally associated with the cosmetic care of the delicate eye-contour area. The final effect depends on the complete formulation, concentration and combination of ingredients.

Ingredient Information

INCI Name: Caffeine
CAS Number: 58-08-2
EINECS Number: 200-362-1

What Is Bisabolol?

Bisabolol, particularly Alpha-Bisabolol, is a naturally occurring compound found in the essential oils of several plants. It is a characteristic component of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) and has also been identified in plants such as Myoporum crassifolium and Vanillosmopsis erythropappa.

Bisabolol is widely used in cosmetic formulations where a soothing and skin-conditioning effect is desired. It is particularly relevant for products formulated for sensitive or easily irritated skin.

Cosmetic Applications of Bisabolol

Bisabolol is commonly incorporated into formulations intended to provide comfort and conditioning to the skin. It can be used in products designed for sensitive skin and in formulations intended for use after exposure to factors that may cause temporary skin discomfort.

Applications:

• Sensitive skin
• Sun-exposed skin
• Rubbing and chafing
• Skin affected by shaving
• Nappy care products
• Products used after depilation

Its use in these applications is related to its recognised soothing and conditioning properties.

Bisabolol in Skin Care Formulation

Bisabolol can be used in a variety of cosmetic products, including creams, lotions, balms and other skin-care formulations.

It is particularly useful when developing products where the sensory experience and skin comfort are important considerations. It can also be combined with other cosmetic ingredients selected for sensitive-skin formulations.

When formulating with bisabolol, its concentration, solubility, formulation compatibility and stability should be considered according to the specific product and manufacturing process.

Ingredient Information

INCI Name: Bisabolol
CAS Number: 515-69-5
EINECS Number: 208-205-9

What Is Biotin?

Biotin, also known as Vitamin B7, Vitamin H, Vitamin B Factor and Coenzyme R, is a water-soluble vitamin. It occurs naturally in foods such as nuts, liver, soybeans and fish. In cosmetic formulations, biotin is primarily used as a skin-conditioning and hair-conditioning ingredient.

Biotin in Cosmetic Formulations

Biotin is used in a variety of cosmetic products, particularly skin care products and hair conditioners. It can contribute to the sensory properties of a formulation and is used in products designed to condition the skin and hair.

The original A&T Formulation information describes biotin as being used to improve product texture and to contribute to the appearance and feel of hair and skin. It also describes applications related to moisturising and smoothing the skin surface and conditioning brittle nails.

Biotin in Hair Care

Biotin is commonly associated with hair-care formulations because of its use as a hair-conditioning agent. It can be incorporated into products such as hair conditioners and other cosmetic preparations where hair conditioning is desired.

Cosmetic claims concerning hair growth, treatment of hair loss or other physiological effects should be evaluated separately and must be appropriately substantiated and compliant with applicable cosmetic regulations.

Biotin in Skin Care

In skin care products, biotin can be used as a skin-conditioning ingredient. It may be incorporated into formulations where a smoother and more conditioned skin feel is desired.

Its water-soluble nature also makes it suitable for incorporation into the aqueous phase of appropriate cosmetic formulations, depending on the overall formulation design.

Ingredient Information

INCI Name: Biotin
CAS Number: 58-85-5
EINECS Number: 200-399-3

What Is an Emollient?

An emollient is an ingredient that helps make the skin or hair feel softer, smoother and more supple. When applied to the skin or hair, emollients can improve the surface feel and contribute to a smoother appearance.

Emollients are commonly used in cosmetic formulations where improving skin or hair conditioning and sensory properties is an important part of the product's function.

How Do Emollients Work?

Emollients can help smooth the surface of the skin by filling or covering irregularities between the cells of the outermost layer. This can reduce the rough or dry feel of the skin and create a smoother surface.

Different emollients can provide different sensory characteristics. Some may give a light, dry or silky after-feel, while others can provide a richer or more nourishing sensory experience.

Emollients in Cosmetic Products

Emollients are used in a wide range of cosmetic products, including:

• Face and body creams
• Lotions
• Serums
• Cleansing products
• Lip care products
• Hair conditioners
• Hair masks
• Styling products

Common cosmetic emollients include plant oils, esters, fatty alcohols, hydrocarbons and silicones. The choice of emollient depends on the desired texture, spreadability, skin feel, formulation compatibility and final product characteristics.

Emollients in Skin Care Formulation

In skin care products, emollients are often combined with other functional ingredients such as humectants and occlusive ingredients.

While humectants primarily help attract and retain water, emollients contribute mainly to the smoothness and softness of the skin surface. Using different types and combinations of these ingredients allows formulators to control both the performance and sensory properties of a product.

Emollients in Hair Care

Emollients are also important in hair care formulations. They can help improve the smoothness, softness and manageability of the hair and influence how the product feels during and after application.

Their selection is therefore important when developing conditioners, masks, leave-in products and other hair care formulations.

Emollient Selection in Cosmetic Development

When selecting an emollient, formulators consider factors such as:

• Desired skin or hair feel
• Spreadability
• Product texture
• Compatibility with other ingredients
• Formulation stability
• Oil-phase requirements
• Target product positioning

The appropriate combination of emollients can have a significant influence on the final sensory profile of a cosmetic product.

What Is Hot Stamping?

Hot stamping is a printing and decorating process that uses a heated image mould or stamping die to transfer foil or pre-dried ink onto a surface.

The process is widely used for product decoration and personalization because it can create precise, high-quality visual effects on different materials and components.

How Does Hot Stamping Work?

During hot stamping, an engraved die is heated to the required temperature and pressed against a special stamping foil and the product surface.

The combination of heat and pressure causes the desired part of the foil to adhere to the product. The foil is transferred only in the areas where the heated die makes contact with the surface.

Hot stamping foils generally consist of three main layers:

• Colour layer – may contain a pigment or metallic finish
• Adhesion layer – helps the transferred material adhere to the substrate
• Release layer – allows the foil to separate from its carrier during stamping

Depending on the equipment and application, hot stamping can also be used to create embossed or three-dimensional decorative effects.

Hot Stamping in Cosmetic Packaging

Hot stamping is commonly used to decorate cosmetic packaging, particularly when a brand wants to create a premium or distinctive appearance.

It can be applied to packaging components such as bottles, jars, caps and other suitable surfaces. Metallic effects, including gold and silver finishes, are frequently used for logos, product names and other decorative elements.

The technique can also be combined with other packaging decoration methods to create more complex visual effects.

Advantages of Hot Stamping

Hot stamping provides a precise and efficient method for decorating product surfaces. It can be used to create:

• Metallic and pigmented finishes
• Precise logos and text
• Decorative patterns
• Embossed effects
• Premium-looking packaging finishes
• Personalised designs

Modern printing technologies have also expanded the possibilities of hot stamping, including applications involving holographic foils and three-dimensional images.

Hot Stamping in Product Development

When selecting hot stamping for cosmetic packaging, the packaging material, surface characteristics, design, required quantity and production process should be considered during the packaging development stage.

The compatibility of the stamping process with the selected packaging component should be evaluated before mass production to ensure that the desired decorative effect can be achieved consistently.

References

SyBridge Technologies – Hot Stamping.

What Is MOQ?

Minimum Order Quantity (MOQ) refers to the smallest quantity that a supplier or manufacturer is willing to produce or sell in a single order.

MOQs are commonly used throughout cosmetic product development and manufacturing. They allow suppliers and manufacturers to maintain commercially viable production volumes, particularly where production, setup, purchasing, or material costs remain relatively high regardless of order size.

For a new cosmetic brand, MOQ is an important consideration because it can significantly influence the initial investment, stock levels, production planning, and overall cost per unit.

MOQ in Cosmetic Packaging

Custom cosmetic packaging often has a minimum order quantity because manufacturers need to produce packaging components in commercially viable production runs.

For custom cosmetic packaging, the MOQ is typically between 5,000 and 10,000 pieces, although the actual quantity depends on the packaging type, supplier, material, decoration, and degree of customization.

For example, additional customization such as custom colouring, printing, moulding, or special finishes may influence the minimum quantity required by the supplier.

Standard or stock packaging can sometimes be available in smaller quantities than fully customized packaging.

MOQ for Cosmetic Raw Materials

Raw materials also have minimum order quantities. For cosmetic ingredients, the required quantity depends largely on the supplier and the ingredient itself.

The MOQ for cosmetic raw materials typically ranges from approximately 1 to 50 kg.

The required quantity can vary considerably because some ingredients are widely available and commonly supplied in smaller quantities, while others may only be supplied in larger commercial packages.

When developing a new cosmetic formulation, raw material MOQs should therefore be considered together with the expected production volume and the formulation's required concentration.

MOQ for Contract Manufacturing

Contract manufacturers also commonly establish their own minimum production quantities.

For cosmetic products, contract manufacturing MOQs typically range from approximately 2,000 to 10,000 pieces, depending on the manufacturer, product type, packaging, production process, and other project-specific requirements.

The manufacturing MOQ may be different from the MOQ of the packaging or raw materials. As a result, the total minimum production quantity for a cosmetic product is often determined by the combination of several different supplier requirements.

Why Is MOQ Important?

MOQ is an important factor when planning the launch of a cosmetic product. A higher MOQ means that a brand may need to make a larger initial investment and hold more finished products or packaging in stock.

Before starting production, it is therefore useful to consider:

• Packaging MOQ
• Raw material MOQ
• Contract manufacturing MOQ
• Expected sales volume
• Storage requirements
• Available working capital
• Product shelf life
• Cost per unit

Understanding these quantities early in the development process can help prevent unexpected costs and allow the production strategy to be planned more effectively.

MOQ in Cosmetic Product Development

At the beginning of a cosmetic project, the formulation, packaging and manufacturing requirements should be considered together. A packaging component may have a higher MOQ than the intended first production run, for example, which can affect the project's initial investment.

For this reason, MOQ is often considered during packaging selection, supplier sourcing, costing and production planning rather than only immediately before manufacturing.

At A&T Formulation, MOQ considerations can be incorporated into the product development process to help determine suitable packaging, raw material quantities and production options for a cosmetic product.

What Is the CPNP?

The Cosmetic Products Notification Portal (CPNP) is an online notification system established by the European Commission under Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 on cosmetic products.

Before a cosmetic product is placed on the European Union market, the required product information must be submitted to the CPNP by the Responsible Person or, in certain circumstances, by a distributor.

The CPNP notification is a mandatory regulatory step for cosmetic products marketed in the EU. Once a product has been properly notified through the CPNP, there is generally no requirement for a separate cosmetic product notification at national level within the EU.

What Information Is Submitted to the CPNP?

The CPNP notification contains specific information about the cosmetic product and the company responsible for placing it on the EU market. Depending on the product and circumstances, the notification includes information such as:

• Product name and product category
• The name and address of the Responsible Person
• Country of origin for products imported into the EU
• Contact details where the Product Information File (PIF) can be accessed
• The presence of substances classified as nanomaterials
• The product's physical form and other required product information
• Relevant information required for identification of the product

The notification is submitted electronically through the CPNP and is intended to provide the relevant authorities with the information necessary for regulatory supervision.

Who Can Access the CPNP?

The CPNP is not a public database. Access is provided to organisations and professionals who require the information for regulatory or safety purposes.

The system can be accessed by:

• EU competent authorities, for market surveillance and enforcement
• European poison centres, to support medical treatment in cases of exposure
• Responsible Persons, who are responsible for placing cosmetic products on the EU market
• Distributors, under the circumstances specified by the Cosmetic Products Regulation

The information available to these parties depends on their role and the purpose for which they access the system.

CPNP and the Responsible Person

The Responsible Person plays a central role in the EU cosmetic regulatory framework. Every cosmetic product placed on the EU market must have a Responsible Person established within the European Union.

The Responsible Person is responsible for ensuring that the cosmetic product complies with the requirements of Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009. This includes ensuring that the product has undergone an appropriate safety assessment, that a Product Information File (PIF) is maintained, and that the required CPNP notification has been completed.

CPNP notification itself does not replace these other regulatory requirements. A product must comply with the applicable requirements before it is placed on the market.

CPNP and the Product Information File (PIF)

The CPNP notification is one part of the overall cosmetic compliance process. It should not be confused with the Product Information File (PIF).

The PIF contains detailed technical and regulatory information about the cosmetic product and must be kept available by the Responsible Person. It includes, among other information, the Cosmetic Product Safety Report (CPSR), the product description, information concerning animal testing where applicable, and evidence supporting the product's claims where required.

The CPNP provides regulatory authorities with notification information, while the PIF provides the underlying documentation demonstrating compliance.

Products Containing Nanomaterials

Cosmetic products containing certain nanomaterials are subject to additional notification requirements.

Article 16 of Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 establishes a specific CPNP module for products containing nanomaterials. This notification is separate from the standard notification required under Article 13.

Where applicable, information concerning the nanomaterial must be submitted through the dedicated notification procedure. If the European Commission has concerns regarding the safety of a nanomaterial used in a cosmetic product, it may request a scientific assessment by the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS).

CPNP in Cosmetic Product Development

CPNP notification is normally completed toward the end of the cosmetic product development and regulatory process, once the necessary product information is available.

Before notification, the product should have the required regulatory documentation and a designated Responsible Person. The notification should accurately reflect the product that will be placed on the EU market.

For cosmetic brands developing new products, CPNP notification is therefore closely connected with the preparation of the PIF, CPSR, final formulation, product packaging and regulatory review.

At A&T Formulation, CPNP notification can be incorporated into the regulatory process for cosmetic products intended for the European market.

References

Official website of the European Union – Cosmetic Products Notification Portal (CPNP)

What Is Letterpress?

Letterpress printing is a printing process in which an inked, raised surface is pressed directly against a sheet or continuous roll of paper. The raised areas transfer the ink to the printing surface.

Letterpress is one of the oldest traditional printing techniques. It remained an important printing method from the time of Johannes Gutenberg around 1450 until the development of lithography and, later, offset lithography.

How Does Letterpress Printing Work?

Originally, text was assembled from individual pieces of type by a typesetter or compositor. Each letter was positioned individually to create words and lines of text.

For smaller print runs, printing could be performed directly from hand- or machine-set type. For longer runs, duplicate printing forms such as stereotypes or electrotypes were traditionally produced to reduce wear on the original type.

Over time, different types of presses were developed. Early letterpress printing used platen presses, where paper was pressed against a flat inked form. Later, cylinder presses and rotary presses were introduced, allowing more efficient printing.

Letterpress in Packaging and Branding

Letterpress can be used to create a distinctive, high-end appearance in printed branding and packaging materials. It can be particularly suitable for applications where the tactile quality of the print is part of the visual identity.

Possible applications include:

• Packaging labels
• Product boxes
• Business cards
• Brand stationery
• Luxury packaging
• Promotional materials

Advantages and Limitations

Letterpress can produce high-quality printed results at relatively high speed. However, preparing the printing plates and adjusting the press for different types, engravings, plates and material thicknesses can require significant time.

For this reason, other printing technologies, particularly offset printing, have replaced traditional letterpress in many high-volume applications. Modern letterpress printing can also use photosensitive plastic plates mounted on metal, making the process more adaptable than traditional typesetting.

Letterpress in Cosmetic Packaging

In cosmetic packaging, letterpress can be considered when the desired result is a premium, traditional or tactile printed appearance. The choice of printing technique depends on the packaging material, design, quantity, artwork and required finish.

References

Encyclopaedia Britannica, Letterpress.

What Is an NDA?

NDA stands for Non-Disclosure Agreement. It is an agreement between two or more parties that establishes obligations regarding the handling and disclosure of confidential information.

The purpose of an NDA is to prevent confidential information from being disclosed to unauthorised third parties or used outside the agreed purpose.

NDA in Cosmetic Product Development

Confidential information can be exchanged throughout the development of a cosmetic product. This may include:

• Product concepts and ideas
• Formulations and formulation-related information
• Technical specifications
• Packaging concepts
• Manufacturing information
• Supplier information
• Commercial information
• Business plans and strategies

An NDA can establish how this information may be used and who may have access to it.

NDA with Suppliers and Development Partners

Cosmetic product development often involves multiple external parties, including raw material suppliers, packaging manufacturers, testing laboratories and contract manufacturers.

A confidentiality agreement can help protect information when it needs to be shared with these parties as part of the development process.

At A&T Formulation, the development process is covered by NDA with suppliers involved in the project.

Why Is an NDA Important?

An NDA provides a framework for protecting confidential information during a business relationship. It can be particularly important during product development, when commercially sensitive information needs to be shared with several parties to move a project forward.

An NDA does not itself transfer ownership of intellectual property. Intellectual property rights and confidentiality obligations are separate contractual matters and should be addressed appropriately in the relevant agreements.

What Is an MSDS?

MSDS stands for Material Safety Data Sheet. It provides important safety information about a chemical substance or product and helps users understand its potential hazards and the precautions required when handling it.

MSDS documents are commonly used by manufacturers, laboratories, suppliers, workers and emergency responders.

What Information Does an MSDS Contain?

An MSDS typically provides information about:

• Identification of the substance or mixture
• Hazard classification
• Composition and ingredients
• First-aid measures
• Fire-fighting measures
• Accidental release measures
• Safe handling and storage
• Exposure controls and personal protection
• Physical and chemical properties
• Stability and reactivity
• Toxicological information
• Ecological information
• Disposal considerations
• Transport information
• Regulatory information

This information helps users assess potential risks and establish appropriate procedures for handling and storing the material.

MSDS in Cosmetic Product Development

MSDS documents are commonly requested for raw materials and ingredients used during cosmetic formulation. They provide the formulator and manufacturer with important information about the material's hazards, handling requirements, storage conditions and physical and chemical properties.

An MSDS may therefore form part of the technical documentation collected for a cosmetic ingredient during product development.

MSDS vs. SDS

The term MSDS is still widely used in the cosmetics and chemical industries. However, the modern term is generally SDS (Safety Data Sheet).

SDSs follow a standardised format and are prepared according to the applicable chemical safety legislation. In the European Union, SDS requirements are established under the REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 and related legislation.

In practice, MSDS and SDS are often used to refer to the same type of safety document, although SDS is the current terminology.

What Is a Pre Production Sample?

A Pre Production Sample (PPS) is a sample of the final packaging produced before the start of mass production.

It allows the packaging to be evaluated under conditions that are closer to the final production version before a larger quantity is manufactured.

What Is a PPS Used For?

A PPS can be used to check important aspects of the packaging, including:

• Appearance and style – whether the packaging looks as intended.
• Functionality – whether the packaging components work correctly.
• Quality – whether the packaging meets the required quality expectations.
• Overall suitability – whether the packaging is ready for mass production.

PPS in Cosmetic Packaging Development

In cosmetic product development, a PPS can be particularly useful for checking bottles, jars, tubes, closures, pumps, decoration and other packaging components before committing to mass production.

Identifying an issue at the PPS stage can help avoid producing a large quantity of packaging that does not meet the agreed requirements.

PPS Before Mass Production

The PPS is therefore an important step between packaging development and mass production. Once the sample has been reviewed and the required characteristics have been confirmed, production can proceed with greater confidence that the packaging meets the agreed specifications.

A PPS is essentially the final packaging sample used to verify the packaging before mass production.

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What Is the FDA?

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a U.S. federal agency within the Department of Health and Human Services. It regulates a wide range of products, including foods, drugs, medical devices, biologics and cosmetics.

For cosmetics, the FDA's authority is primarily based on the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act. The regulatory approach is different from the European Union, where cosmetic products are governed by Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 and require a formal safety assessment and notification before being placed on the market.

Does the FDA Approve Cosmetics?

Generally, no.

Cosmetic products and cosmetic ingredients do not require FDA approval before they are marketed in the United States. The important exception is color additives, which generally must be approved for their intended cosmetic use before they can be used.

Companies that market cosmetics are responsible for ensuring that their products are safe under their labelled or customary conditions of use and that the products are properly labelled.

The FDA has significant post-market enforcement authority. If the agency has reliable information indicating that a cosmetic is adulterated or misbranded, it can take regulatory action.

FDA and Cosmetic Ingredients

Most cosmetic ingredients do not require individual FDA approval before being used in cosmetics. However, they must comply with applicable U.S. requirements and must be safe for their intended or customary conditions of use.

The FDA also maintains information concerning ingredients that are prohibited or restricted in cosmetics. Therefore, checking whether an ingredient is permitted is only one part of evaluating a formulation.

An additional consideration is the intended use and claims of the finished product. A product marketed with claims that meet the legal definition of a drug may be regulated as a drug rather than solely as a cosmetic.

For example, certain products marketed for sun protection are regulated as drugs in the United States. A cosmetic product that combines cosmetic and drug claims can therefore be subject to both regulatory frameworks.

Color Additives

Color additives are subject to a different regulatory system.

With the exception of coal-tar hair dyes, color additives used in cosmetics generally must be approved by FDA for their intended use. The applicable regulations specify where and under what conditions a particular color may be used.

Some approved color additives are also subject to batch certification by FDA. Others are exempt from certification but must still comply with the applicable specifications and restrictions.

This means that simply purchasing a pigment or colourant that is commonly used in Europe does not necessarily mean that it can be used in the same way in a cosmetic product marketed in the United States.

MoCRA – Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act

A major change in U.S. cosmetic regulation came with the Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act of 2022 (MoCRA).

MoCRA significantly expanded FDA's authority over cosmetics and introduced several new requirements for the U.S. cosmetics industry.

Facility Registration

Manufacturers and processors of cosmetic products that are subject to the requirements must register their facilities with FDA and renew the registration every two years.

There are exemptions for certain small businesses, although these exemptions do not apply to all types of cosmetic products or activities.

Cosmetic Product Listing

A responsible person must list each marketed cosmetic product with FDA and provide the required information, including product ingredients. Product listings must be updated annually.

The responsible person is generally the manufacturer, packer or distributor whose name appears on the product label.

Safety Substantiation

MoCRA also strengthened the responsibility of companies to maintain adequate safety substantiation for their cosmetic products.

This is important because the absence of a pre-market FDA approval requirement does not mean that a company can market an unsafe cosmetic product.

FDA Registration Is Not FDA Approval

A particularly important distinction for cosmetic companies is that FDA facility registration and cosmetic product listing do not constitute FDA approval.

The FDA explicitly states that assigning a facility registration number or product listing number does not indicate that FDA has approved the facility or the cosmetic product. FDA also does not issue certificates confirming cosmetic facility registration or product listing.

Therefore, statements such as “FDA approved cosmetic” can be misleading when they refer only to facility registration or product listing.

FDA vs. EU Cosmetic Regulation

The U.S. and EU approaches differ significantly.

The two systems therefore should not be treated as interchangeable. A cosmetic product that complies with EU requirements may still require additional regulatory review before being marketed in the United States.

FDA Requirements for Cosmetic Product Development

When developing a cosmetic product for the U.S. market, several areas should be reviewed:

Formulation: Ingredients must comply with applicable U.S. requirements and the finished product must be safe for its intended use.

Claims: Marketing claims must be reviewed carefully because certain claims can cause a product to fall within the U.S. drug definition.

Labelling: Cosmetic labelling must comply with applicable U.S. requirements.

Colorants: Any color additives must be permitted for the specific intended cosmetic use, with certification requirements assessed where applicable.

Facility registration: Facilities subject to MoCRA must be registered with FDA and renewed as required.

Product listing: The responsible person must list applicable marketed cosmetic products and update the information annually.

Safety documentation: Companies must maintain appropriate evidence supporting the safety of their cosmetic products.

FDA in Cosmetic Product Development

For a cosmetic brand planning to enter the U.S. market, FDA compliance should be considered from the early formulation and product-development stage, rather than only immediately before launch.

Ingredient selection, colourants, product claims, intended use, labelling, manufacturing arrangements and MoCRA requirements can all affect the regulatory status of the final product.

The key point is that FDA regulation of cosmetics is not an approval system equivalent to the EU CPNP system. Most cosmetics are not individually approved by FDA before entering the U.S. market, but companies remain legally responsible for product safety and compliance, and FDA has substantial post-market enforcement authority.

References

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Cosmetic Products.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Registration & Listing of Cosmetic Product Facilities and Products.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Cosmetic Ingredients.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Color Additives and Cosmetics: Fact Sheet.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Does the FDA approve cosmetics before they go on the market?

What Is CosIng?

CosIng stands for Cosmetic Ingredients and is the European Commission's online database for cosmetic substances and ingredients.

The database brings together information originating from the EU Cosmetics Regulation, the former Cosmetics Directive, the glossary of common ingredient names used for cosmetic labelling and relevant opinions of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS). It also contains historical information dating back to the adoption of the first EU Cosmetics Directive in 1976.

CosIng can therefore be particularly useful when researching an ingredient during cosmetic product development, formulation and regulatory assessment.

What Information Is Available in CosIng?

Depending on the substance, a CosIng entry may provide information such as:

• INCI or common ingredient name
• CAS number
• EC/EINECS or ELINCS number
• Cosmetic functions
• References to the EU Cosmetics Regulation
• Applicable Annexes
• Restrictions or regulatory conditions
• SCCS scientific opinions
• Historical regulatory information
• Information relating to ingredient nomenclature

CAS, ELINCS and EINECS numbers can be searched directly in the database, which can be particularly useful when an ingredient has several names or identification numbers.

CosIng and INCI Names

One of the important functions of CosIng is its connection with the glossary of common ingredient names used for cosmetic product labelling.

Under Article 19 of Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009, cosmetic products placed on the EU market must carry a list of ingredients. The European Commission maintains the glossary of common ingredient names for this purpose, taking internationally recognised nomenclatures, including INCI (International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients), into account.

The current glossary is established by Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2025/1175. The glossary is subject to updating as new ingredients and nomenclature requirements arise.

This means that CosIng can be useful when determining how an ingredient should be identified on a cosmetic product's ingredient list.

Is CosIng a List of Approved Cosmetic Ingredients?

No. This is one of the most important points when using CosIng.

The presence of an ingredient in CosIng does not mean that the ingredient is automatically authorised for use in cosmetic products. The European Commission explicitly states that CosIng is an informative, non-legally binding database.

The legally binding requirements are established by Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 on cosmetic products and its Annexes.

For example, the Regulation establishes:

• Annex II – substances prohibited in cosmetic products
• Annex III – restricted substances
• Annex IV – permitted colourants
• Annex V – permitted preservatives
• Annex VI – permitted UV filters

Article 14 of the Regulation establishes that prohibited substances and restricted substances must comply with the applicable Annex conditions, while only the substances authorised in the relevant Annexes may be used for the specified functions such as colourants, preservatives and UV filters.

Therefore, a CosIng search should be considered a starting point for regulatory assessment, not the final regulatory decision.

How to Use CosIng When Checking an Ingredient

When evaluating an ingredient for a cosmetic formulation, CosIng can be used as part of a broader regulatory review.

A practical approach is:

1. Identify the ingredient

Search using the INCI name, chemical name, CAS number or EC/EINECS number.

2. Check the nomenclature

Confirm the relevant common ingredient name and whether the ingredient is included in the current glossary.

3. Check the regulatory references

Look for references to the Cosmetics Regulation and its Annexes.

4. Check restrictions

If the ingredient appears in an Annex, review the applicable conditions, such as maximum concentration, product type, application area or other restrictions.

5. Check SCCS information

Where available, review relevant SCCS opinions and determine whether they apply to the specific substance, concentration and exposure scenario.

6. Complete the safety assessment

Even when an ingredient is not prohibited or restricted, its use in a cosmetic product still needs to be supported by an appropriate cosmetic product safety assessment. The European Commission specifically notes that the use of an ingredient in a cosmetic product must be supported by a safety assessment of the product.

CosIng and Cosmetic Formulation

CosIng is particularly useful during the early stages of cosmetic product development.

For example, a formulator may use it to investigate whether a proposed ingredient has an established cosmetic name, identify its CAS or EC number, understand its documented cosmetic functions and check whether there are relevant regulatory references.

However, the formulation cannot be considered compliant simply because every ingredient can be found in CosIng. The finished cosmetic product must comply with the requirements of Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009, including applicable ingredient restrictions and the requirement for a safety assessment.

CosIng and Regulatory Updates

Cosmetic legislation changes over time, and CosIng should therefore not be treated as a static database.

The European Commission continues to amend Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 as scientific knowledge and regulatory requirements develop. For example, amendments published in 2026 changed provisions in several of the Cosmetics Regulation's Annexes.

For this reason, regulatory checks should always be based on the current version of the applicable legislation, rather than relying solely on an older CosIng entry or historical information.

CosIng in Practice

For cosmetic manufacturers, formulators, brand owners and regulatory professionals, CosIng is best viewed as a regulatory and nomenclature reference tool.

It can help answer questions such as:

• What is the recognised name of this cosmetic ingredient?
• What is its CAS or EC number?
• What cosmetic functions are associated with it?
• Is there an EU regulatory reference for the substance?
• Is there an SCCS opinion?
• Is the ingredient subject to an Annex restriction?
• What name should be considered for cosmetic labelling?

The final decision on whether and under what conditions an ingredient may be used must, however, be made by referring to the legally binding EU Cosmetics Regulation and the applicable regulatory requirements, together with the product's safety assessment.

References

European Commission. Cosmetic Ingredient Database (CosIng).
European Commission. CosIng – Glossary of Ingredients.
Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on cosmetic products.

What Was COLIPA?

COLIPA stood for the European Cosmetic, Toiletry and Perfumery Association. It was established in 1962 as a European trade association representing the cosmetics and personal care industry.

Its activities included providing scientific, regulatory, legal and technical expertise to the industry and supporting members in relation to European legislation.

COLIPA and Cosmetic Regulations

COLIPA played an important role in supporting the European cosmetics industry in understanding and complying with regulatory requirements. It also worked with European and international authorities on scientific, regulatory and industry-related matters.

COLIPA developed and published various technical guidelines and recommendations covering areas such as cosmetic safety, testing and ingredient assessment. These documents have been widely used as technical references within the cosmetics industry.

COLIPA Codes and Guidelines

COLIPA was also associated with identification codes for certain cosmetic ingredients. For example, some hair-dye ingredients continue to be referenced using Colipa codes in industry and regulatory documentation.

Many historical COLIPA publications remain relevant as technical reference documents, although they should be distinguished from current legally binding EU legislation.

COLIPA and Cosmetics Europe

COLIPA subsequently became Cosmetics Europe, the European trade association for the cosmetics and personal care industry. Cosmetics Europe continues to represent manufacturers and national industry associations and works with policymakers on European cosmetics legislation and policy.

In short, COLIPA is the former name of the organisation now known as Cosmetics Europe.

References

Guidelines for Percutaneous Absorption/Penetration – COLIPA.

What Is a Lot Number?

A lot number, also called a batch number, is a code used to identify a particular production batch of a cosmetic product.

A batch consists of products manufactured under defined conditions and generally associated with the same production process, formulation and quality specifications.

Why Is a Lot Number Important?

Lot numbers provide traceability throughout the product's lifecycle. They can be used to identify information such as:

• Production date or manufacturing period
• Manufacturing batch
• Raw materials used
• Quality control results
• Packaging and filling records
• Distribution information

The exact information encoded in a lot number depends on the manufacturer's identification system.

Lot Numbers in Cosmetic Manufacturing

During cosmetic manufacturing, each production batch is normally assigned a lot or batch number. This number is recorded in manufacturing and quality documentation and is associated with the relevant production records.

If a quality issue is identified, the lot number can help determine which products may be affected and support appropriate corrective action.

Lot Number on Cosmetic Packaging

The batch or lot number is generally marked directly on the container, packaging or other relevant information so that a particular product can be identified after it has left the manufacturing facility.

Lot numbers are therefore an important part of quality management, traceability and regulatory compliance in cosmetic product manufacturing.

What Is the Oil Phase?

The oil phase is the part of a cosmetic formulation composed primarily of oil-soluble or oil-dispersible ingredients. It may contain a combination of liquid oils, butters, waxes, esters, fatty alcohols and oil-soluble active ingredients.

Common oil-phase ingredients include:

• Vegetable oils and butters
• Esters
• Waxes
• Fatty acids and fatty alcohols
• Oil-soluble active ingredients
• Oil-soluble fragrances

Oil Phase in Emulsions

In an emulsion, the oil phase can either be the dispersed phase or the continuous phase.

In an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion, oil is dispersed as droplets within the continuous water phase.

In a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion, water is dispersed within a continuous oil phase.

The composition and proportion of the oil phase have a significant influence on the final product's texture, viscosity, spreadability and sensory characteristics.

Oil Phase in Cosmetic Manufacturing

Oil-phase ingredients are often combined and heated separately during the manufacturing process, particularly when the formulation contains waxes or ingredients that require melting.

The selection of ingredients, processing temperature, order of addition and mixing conditions must be carefully controlled to achieve a uniform and stable formulation.

Oil Phase and Cosmetic Product Performance

The oil phase can contribute to several important product properties, including:

• Emolliency – improving skin softness and feel
• Occlusivity – helping reduce moisture loss from the skin surface
• Texture – influencing consistency and richness
• Spreadability – affecting how easily the product is applied
• Sensory properties – contributing to slip, after-feel and overall skin feel

What Is the Water Phase?

The water phase is the part of a cosmetic formulation in which water is the main continuous or dissolving medium. It typically contains ingredients that are soluble or dispersible in water.

Depending on the formulation, the water phase may contain:

• Water
• Humectants such as glycerin
• Water-soluble active ingredients
• Preservatives
• Chelating agents
• Water-soluble polymers
• Other water-soluble ingredients

Water Phase in Emulsions

In an emulsion, the water phase can form either the continuous phase or the dispersed phase.

In an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion, water is the continuous phase and oil droplets are dispersed throughout it.

In a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion, water is dispersed as droplets within a continuous oil phase.

The composition of the water phase therefore has an important influence on the texture, stability and performance of the finished product.

Water Phase in Cosmetic Manufacturing

During formulation development and manufacturing, water-phase ingredients are often combined and processed separately before being incorporated with the oil phase or other components.

The temperature, order of addition, mixing conditions and solubility of the ingredients need to be considered to obtain a stable and uniform formulation.

What Is Viscosity?

Viscosity describes how strongly a liquid resists flowing. A low-viscosity liquid flows easily, while a high-viscosity material flows more slowly and feels thicker.

For example, water has a relatively low viscosity, while a cream or gel has a much higher viscosity.

Viscosity in Cosmetic Formulation

Viscosity is an important parameter when developing cosmetic products because it affects both product performance and consumer experience. It can influence:

• Texture and consistency
• Spreadability
• Pourability
• Ease of application
• Product appearance
• Filling and packaging
• Stability of the formulation

The desired viscosity depends on the type of product. A facial toner may require low viscosity, while a cream, gel or shampoo may require a higher viscosity.

How Is Viscosity Measured?

Viscosity can be measured using instruments such as rotational viscometers and rheometers. The measurement may be expressed in millipascal-seconds (mPa·s) or centipoise (cP).

For many cosmetic products, viscosity can also depend on the shear rate. This means that a product may behave differently when it is at rest, being stirred, pumped or spread on the skin.

Viscosity and Cosmetic Product Development

Viscosity is normally evaluated during formulation development and quality control. Changes in viscosity can indicate changes in the formulation and may be monitored during stability testing.

Factors such as temperature, emulsifier system, polymers, surfactants, oils and the concentration of other ingredients can all affect the final viscosity of a cosmetic product.

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What Is a Solubilizer?

A solubilizer is a surfactant or surfactant-like ingredient used to help disperse and incorporate substances that have limited water solubility into a water-based formulation.

Unlike an emulsifier, which is generally used to create and stabilise an emulsion containing a significant oil phase, a solubilizer is typically used for small amounts of oil-soluble ingredients.

How Do Solubilizers Work?

Solubilizers can form organised structures, such as micelles, that can accommodate oil-soluble materials within an aqueous phase. This allows ingredients such as fragrances, essential oils and certain oil-soluble active ingredients to be incorporated into otherwise water-based products.

The amount of solubilizer required depends on the type and concentration of the material being solubilized and the characteristics of the formulation.

Solubilizers in Cosmetic Products

Solubilizers are commonly used in:

• Micellar waters
• Facial toners
• Facial mists
• Body sprays
• Eau de toilette and other water-based fragrance products
• Clear cleansing products

Common cosmetic solubilizers include Polysorbates, PEG-based surfactants and certain non-ionic surfactants.

Solubilizer vs. Emulsifier

A solubilizer is generally used to incorporate relatively small quantities of oil-soluble materials into an aqueous system, often while maintaining a clear or nearly clear appearance.

An emulsifier is used to create and stabilise an emulsion containing two immiscible phases, such as oil and water. The distinction depends on the formulation and the amount and type of oil phase involved.

What Is a Pearlizing Agent?

A pearlizing agent is an ingredient added to a cosmetic formulation to create a pearl-like or opalescent appearance. The effect is produced by the reflection and scattering of light from small particles or structures within the formulation.

Pearlizing agents are primarily used for visual and aesthetic purposes rather than for providing a cleansing or conditioning function.

How Do Pearlizing Agents Work?

Pearlizing agents contain materials that interact with light and produce a characteristic shimmering or pearlescent effect. Their particle size, concentration, dispersion and the optical properties of the formulation influence the final appearance.

Common pearlizing materials include certain fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols and mica-based materials, depending on the desired effect and product type.

Pearlizing Agents in Cosmetic Products

They are commonly used in:

• Shampoos
• Shower gels and body washes
• Liquid soaps
• Facial cleansers
• Hair conditioners
• Other rinse-off products

In cleansing products, pearlizing agents can give a formulation a richer and more visually distinctive appearance.

Pearlizing Agent vs. Opacifier

A pearlizing agent produces a characteristic pearlescent or shimmering appearance, whereas an opacifier primarily reduces transparency and gives a formulation a more opaque or cloudy appearance. Some ingredients may contribute to both effects depending on their concentration and formulation.