Inositol is a naturally occurring nutrient that is usually classified as a carbocyclic polyol. The most common form of inositol is sometimes referred to as myo-inositol. In the human body, inositol plays a major role in preventing the collection of fats in the liver, as well as promoting healthy hair growth. The presence of the nutrient also aids in efficient processing of nutrients into the conversion of energy, which in turn helps the body to maintain a healthy metabolism. [CAS: 87-89-8; EINECS: 201-781-2]. Function: Antistatic/ hair conditioning/ humectant. The actual or estimated LD50 value: 10,000 mg/kg body weight. AICS status (NICNAS Australia): AICS Compliant. [Panthenyl Ethyl Ether, Milk Protein, Lactose, Inositol, Acetyl Cysteine, Acetyl Methionine, Sodium Citrate, Citric Acid]. Follicusan™ contains biologically active signaling proteins, ethyl panthenol (provitamin B5), inositol, as well as acetyl cysteine and  acetyl methionine, in a water-alcohol medium. The product vitalizes the cells of the scalp, including the hair follicles, and thus counteracts premature, accelerated hair loss (alopecia). Follicusan™ is a whitish, opaque liquid and dissolves in water and (used at the recommended maximum concentration of 5 %) dissolves in water-alcohol mixtures with a maximum alcohol content of 50 % w/w. Within the pH range 3.5 to 5.5 the proteins in Follicusan™ may precipitate, therefore when formulating with Follicusan™ this pH range should be avoided.

Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data.

What is injection moulding?

Injection moulding is the process of manufacturing highly accurate plastic components such as closures, overcaps, and reducing plugs. Plastic resin is fed into a heated barrel and screw which is then injected at high pressure into a water-cooled mould which may consist of various moving parts.

Due to the high injection pressures, this cavity will be held together by the use of a clamping unit. While the plastic is held inside the mould, the plastic will freeze off to the desired shape. After the plastic has cooled sufficiently, the mould and clamping unit will open and allow the finished component to be ejected so that the process can be repeated.

Which materials can be injection moulded?

Polypropylene (PP) is the most common resins used in injection moulding and can be divided into three sub categories:

• Homo polymer: For general use of moulding closures
• Co Polymer (Random): Gives excellent clarity when used for overcaps and when closures are used with active hinges as with 'flip top' closures
• Co Polymer (Block): These components will generally have poorer clarity and are therefore generally coloured components but offer greater impact resistance

Generally PP is advantageous when being used in conjuction with a dissimilar bottle materials such as HDPE, PVC or PETG as it will improve any binding issues between the two components.

Injection Stretch Blow Moulding (ISB) is a process that manufacturers high quality containers in PET to produce a clarity similar to glass.

ISB can also produce materials that are less clear such as polypropylene (PP).

Production process

Production begins with the injection process, where molten polymer flows into an unjection cavity to produce a preform, a hollow test tube shaped plastic object that has a neck and a thread on the open end.

When the preform is conditioned to the correct temperature, it is ready for stretching and blowing to the desired shape using a mould. Once in the mould, a rod is introduced to stretch the preform using two levels of air pressure, the preform is then blown circumferentially. After a set cooling time, the moulds open and the preformed bottle is removed. The process is carried out concurrently using a revolving carousel of moulds.

ISB is an environmental alternative to glass

Because plastics are soft and boast lower melting points, PET bottles require less energy to manufacture than glass. Easier to recycle, PET can also be made in PCR in levels up to 100%.

It is also possible to make PET products using a range of biopolymers, including sugarcane based PET. With no sign of difference in both appearance or performance, out PET biopolymer can be recycled in the same stream as conventional PET and PCR PET, for a truly sustainable solution.

What are the advantages of this process?

Offering dimensionally accurate bottle shapes, when molded, PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) provides an excellent alternative to glass for a number of reasons

These include:

• Clarity similar to glass
• Lighter in weight
• More cost effective to transport products
• Higher breakage resistance to avoid risk and injury
• More durable than glass
• Excellent barrier characteristics against carbon dioxide and oxigen
• Requires less energy to produce
• Can be easily recycled
• PET can be decorated with silk screen printing and hot foil blocking

What is INCI?

INCI names (International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredient) are systematic names internationally recognized to identify cosmetic ingredients. They are developed by the International Nomenclature Committee (INC) and published by the Personal Care Products Council (PCPC) in the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, available electronically as wINCI.

Oversight for the INCI program is provided by PCPC as part of its mission to support the identification of the composition of personal care products, and publication of this information in a worldwide science-based Dictionary. PCPC is committed to ensuring that the Dictionary provides the world community with accurate, transparent, and harmonized nomenclature. By working closely with its international sister trade associations, and with other organizations around the world, PCPC strives to develop INCI names that accommodate differing labeling approaches described in national laws and regulations.

Why INCI?

There are many benefits to a uniform system of labeling names for cosmetic ingredients. Dermatologists and others in the medical community are ensured an orderly dissemination of scientific information, which helps to identify agents responsible for adverse reactions. Scientists are ensured that information from scientific and other technical publications will be referenced by a uniform name; and that multiple names for the same material will not lead to confusion, misidentification, or the loss of essential information. It also enables the cosmetic industry to track the safety and the regulatory status of ingredients efficiently on a global basis, enhancing its ability to market safe products in compliance with various national regulations. And finally, transparency is provided to consumers as ingredients are identified by a single labeling name regardless of the national origin of the product.

What INCI is not?

The designation of an INCI name for a cosmetic ingredient is an essential part of ingredient identification; however, just because an ingredient has an INCI name does not mean that the ingredient has been approved for cosmetics. The assignment of an INCI name to an ingredient also does not imply that the ingredient is safe, or that its use in a cosmetic product complies with the laws and regulations of the United States or other global regions. The safety and fitness of use for an ingredient, along with regulatory considerations, is carefully evaluated by the manufacturer as part of the development process before the product is marketed.

Source: https://www.personalcarecouncil.org/

Hydrogen Peroxide is a clear, colorless liquid. In cosmetics and personal care products, Hydrogen Peroxide can be found in a wide variety of hair care products such as hair dyes, hair bleaches, conditioners, shampoos and rinses, hair bleaches and shampoos. It is also used in tooth whitening products. Hydrogen Peroxide is also sold as an antiseptic at concentrations of 2.5-3%. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) includes Hydrogen Peroxide in its list of substances affirmed Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) for use in food. Hydrogen peroxide is used as an antimicrobial agent, an oxidizing and reducing agent, and bleaching agent in foods such as milk and cheese products, wine, vinegar, starch and instant tea. The FDA also allows Hydrogen Peroxide to be used in Over-the-Counter (OTC) first aid antiseptics. Hydrogen Peroxide is added to cosmetics and personal care products as an antimicrobial agent and as an oxidizing agent. The function of antimicrobial agents is to kill or inhibit the growth or reproduction of microorganisms. In cosmetics and personal care products, oxidizing agents are used to form dyestuffs during oxidative hair dyeing, and to oxygenate stains on the teeth to further whiten the teeth.

Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Cosmetic Ingredients: - their use, safety and toxicology (Dweck Books 5)

Hydrolyzed Wheat Starch is a hydrolysate of wheat starch derived by acid, enzyme or other method of hydrolysis. Naturally derived, hydrolyzed wheat starch contains wheat oligosaccharides and constitutes a unique hydrating complex offering a combination of moisture-balancing and film-forming properties that work synergistically to give hair better body control, and skin, a smoother softer feel. There are no adverse effects reported or expected from this well-established hair and skin softener.

Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Cosmetic Ingredients: - their use, safety and toxicology (Dweck Books 5)

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In vivo means "within the living". In vivo tests are performed within the body of a living model.

In vitro methods

A test performed in vitro ("in the glass") means that it is done outside of a living organism and it usually involves isolated tissues, organs or cells.

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Imidazolidinyl urea is primarily an antibacterial preservative, with very little antifungal activity. It has been widely used in many markets since its introduction in the 1980s.
Imidazolidinyl urea is highly water-soluble and should be added to the product at temperatures below 40°C to avoid decomposition. It retains its activity over a broad pH range, from pH 3 to 9. Typical use concentrations are 0.2–0.5%. The potential for imidazolidinyl urea to release very low levels of formaldehyde is perceived by some to be a disadvantage. Imidazolidinyl urea is permitted globally, with restrictions.

Source: Cosmetic Formulation Principles and Practice - Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters

Hydrogels are hydrophilic, consisting mainly (85–95%) of water or an aqueous-alcoholic mixture and the gelling agent. The latter is usually an organic polymeric compound such as polyacrylic acid (Carbopol), sodium carboxy methylcellulose, or nonionic cellulose-ethers. Hydrogels have to be preserved against microbial growth.
After application, hydrogels show a cooling effect caused by evaporation of the solvent. They are easily applicable and humidify instantaneously, but if applied over a long time they desiccate the skin. For that reason, humectants such as glycerol may be added. After evaporation, the polymer residue may cause a sticky or ‘‘tearing’’ feel on the skin if inappropriate thickening agents have been used. Careful selection and testing of the needed adjuvants is therefore recommended.

Source: Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology - André O. Barel, Marc Paye, Howard I. Maibach

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Hot stamping is a lithography printing process that uses heated image molds or stamping dies to transfer metal foils or pre-dried inks onto a surface.

The hot stamping machine heats an engraved mold or die, which then presses marking foil onto the surface. The foil is deposited only where the hot stamp comes in contact with the product material, allowing engineers to create elegant, embossed designs on parts and assemblies in post-production. Hot stamping foils have three layers: a color layer (which can be pigment or metallic), an adherence base, and a release layer. Innovations in digital printing even enable hot stamping three-dimensional images with holographic foil.

Hot stamping is a versatile, precise, and efficient method for printing on surfaces, and is often used to personalize or decorate products.

Source: https://sybridge.com/

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A humectant is a substance that attracts water. Typically used for moisturizing and conditioning hair and skin. It is also used to improve stability of formulas exposed to air. They are used in many products, including food, cosmetics, medicines, and pesticides. When used as a food additive, a humectant has the effect of keeping moisture in the food.

In cosmetics, humectants are used to hydrate the skin, hair, or nails. Some common humectants include:

• Glycerin
• Hyaluronic acid
• Sorbitol
• Lactic acid
• Urea
• Propylene glycol
• Butylene glycol

The CTFA dictionary defines humectants as ‘‘cosmetic ingredients intended to increase the water content of top layers of the skin’’. Humectants are hygroscopic substances generally soluble in water. These ‘‘moisture attractants’’ maintain an aqueous film at the skin surface. The primary used humectant in personal-care products is glycerin; it tends to provide heavy and tacky feel which can be overcome by using it in combination with
other humectants such as sorbitol.
Less expensive than glycerin, propylene glycol is the second most widely used humectant in cosmetic and toiletry products; it reduces viscosity of surfactant solutions and tends to depress the foam.

Low–molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEGs from about 10 to 200 PEG units), amino acids and other constituents of skin natural moisturizing factors like sodium PCA and sodium lactate are also applicable for use in surfactant-based skin-cleansing products.

Humectants are not substantive to the skin and are easily rinsed-off after cleaning. Consequently, skin-feel improvement is not obvious to perceive and their efficacy in terms of skin moisturization is difficult to document. Glycerin, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, or sorbitol are typically used in body washes, bubble baths, shower gels, or soaps to prevent the dessication of the product itself and the formation of a dry layer at the surface. They also ensure stability and clarity of liquid cleansers at cold temperatures. Few substantive humectants can be mentioned. They are cationic in nature, which makes them absorbing to the negatively charged skin surface. In the quaternized polyalkoxylated methyl glucose derivative (lauryl methyl gluceth-10 hydroxypropyldimonium chloride), the hydrophilic moiety delivers humectant properties; the hydrophobic chain at the cationic end of the molecule ensures both substantivity and skin conditioning.

Chitosan-PCA is another example. Chitosan is a polycationic (at acidic pH) high–molecular weight polymer produced by deacetylation of chitin, the major constituent of
invertebrate exoskeletons. Combining chitosan with pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (PCA) leads to a highly substantive, film-forming humectant material.

Source: Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology - André O. Barel, Marc Paye, Howard I. Maibach

The act of misleading consumers regarding the environmental practices of a company or the environmental benefits of a products or service.

Source: TerraChoice Group Inc, 2009

The sunflower originally came from Peru in the 16th century, where a number of varieties grow in the wild. It was a plant highly prized by the people, who adorn their temples with sunflowers made of pure gold. A substantive oil produced from sunflower seeds. It is pure enough to eat. It contains a rich blend of glycerides and fatty acids, which will moisturise and protect the skin.

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In the old English Leechbook of Bald it was recommended to boil tender ivy twigs in butter and apply the results to ease sunburn. Culpeper recommended the leaves for ulcers, boils and ulcers. Today, the leaves are sometimes used by herbalists to treat slow healing wounds, abscesses and burns. The plant contains a component called hederagenin, which at high plant concentrations is effective in treating cellulitis and oedema.

Function: Anticaking, antimicrobial, astringent, skin conditioning, soothing, tonic.

(CAS: 84082-54-2/EINECS: 282-000-2)

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A simple but effective natural edible oil, the Chinese have been growing soya for more than 4,000 years. Soya oil is light, odourless and contains a valuable source of nutritious fatty acids, and is a versatile emollient and skin moisturiser. This plant has been known and used by the Chinese for more than 4,000 years, though today most of the oil comes from the USA. This oil is a cost-effective base on which to prepare hair and body products where good honest moisturisation is required at a budget price. Soybean is listed as a major starting material for stigmasterol, once known as an anti stiffness factor. Sitosterol, also a soy byproduct, has been used to replace diosgenin in some antihypertensive drugs.

(CAS: 8001-22-7/EINECS: 232-274-4)

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Glycerin or glycerol is one of the oldest and most respected skin moisturisers. It has been proven in many trials (both clinicals and instrumentals) to increase the moisture content of the skin and protect it from becoming dry and scaly. Glycerin is listed in all of the major pharmacopoeias and is used extensively for the treatment of the skin. 

(CAS: 56-81-5/EINECS: 200-289-5)

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HDPE is a non-transparent plastic resin that is also widely used in cosmetic packaging of bottles of shampoo, conditioner, lotion and sunscreen. It can be white, coloured or pearlescent by adding pigments and pearl.

Source: Cosmetic Formulation Principles and Practice - Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters

The wax obtained from sunflower oil forms hard and very homogeneous thermally stable oil gels and is therefore excellent for light-coloured, practically odorless and tasteless lip balms, lipsticks and other oil gels. Chemically it has a long chain (about C60) wax ester mainly from monovalent alcohols and acids. Sunflower wax has a melting point of about 80°C and a narrow melting curve with no molten contents below 55°C. Consequently the oil gels are very heat resistant.

Source: Cosmetic Formulation Principles and Practice - Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters

Geraniol is a sweet, rose-like fragrancing agent found in fruits such as apples, cherries and grapefruit, as well as in bay leaves, citronella oil, ginger, lavender and essential oils of geranium and lemon. It can also be produced synthetically. It is used in both perfumes and after-shaves (especially in combination with attar of roses and orange blossom oil), as well as bath and body care, depilatories, hair care, lipsticks and suncare. It is one of the declared allergens found in those essential oils. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) includes Geraniol on its lists of flavoring substance considered Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS). The safety of Geraniol has been evaluated by the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Expert Panel (REXPAN). Based on this evaluation, an International Fragrance Association (IFRA) Standard has been established. The IFRA Standard restricts the use of Geraniol in fragrances because of potential sensitization. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) defers review of individual fragrance ingredients to the IFRA program unless the ingredient has significant uses other than as a fragrance.

Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data.

Ginkgo biloba. Traditional use: Long revered in traditional Chinese herbal medicine, ginkgo is now known to have important implications in the treatment of age-related disorders and circulatory problems. The Council of Europe lists the following cosmetic effects attributed to ginkgo biloba extracts: tonic, stimulant and vasodilator. Folklore: The ginkgo species was almost destroyed during the Ice Age but survived in China, where it was cultivated as a sacred tree, with the exception of the Maidenhair tree, the plants of this order are found only as fossils. Individual trees may live as long as 1000 years.

Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Natural Ingredients (Dweck Books 4) . Dweck Data.

Garcinia Cambogia Fruit Extract is an extract of the fruit of the Gamboge Tree, Garcinia cambogia, Guttiferae. Garcinia Cambogia (Malabar Tamarind) is a small fruit that has some traditional usage to enhance the culinary experience of a meal, but beyond that has limited medicinal usage. It is a very good source of hydroxycitric acids (structurally related to citric acid, a sour flavorant) and one of the isomers, known as (-)-Hydroxycitric acid, is thought to help in weight control. Several studies have shown that Garcinia cambogia plays an important role in the regulation of endogenous lipid biosynthesis. This effect is specially attributed to (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA) inhibiting the enzyme ATP-dependent citrate lyase, which catalyzes the cleavage of citrate to oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA. Studies conducted in experimental animals have not reported increased mortality or significant toxicity. Furthermore, at the doses usually administered, no differences have been reported in terms of side effects or adverse events (those studied) in humans between individuals treated with G. cambogia and controls.

Source: Dweck, Anthony. Handbook of Cosmetic Ingredients: - their use, safety and toxicology (Dweck Books 5)

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Gels are dispersed systems, originally liquids (solutions) that have a certain consistency useful and practical for topical application. In contrast to emulsions, gels generally do not comprise two immiscible phases of opposite lyophilicity. Therefore, the polarity and solubility characteristics of the incorporated substances are either hydrophilic—in hydrogels—or lipophilic—in lipogels (or oleogels). The consistency of gels is caused by gelling (thickening) agents, usually polymers, building a three dimensional network. Intermolecular forces bind the solvent molecules to the polymeric network, and thus the reduced mobility of these molecules results in a structured system with increased viscosity.

Pure gels are transparent and clear or at least opalescent. Transparency is only achieved if all ingredients are dissolved or occur at least in colloidal form, i.e., the size of particles is in the submicron range. Transparency in particular is an attractive property of gels. Gel products have positive aesthetic characteristics and are thus becoming more and more popular in cosmetic care products today. Gels can also serve as the basis for more complex formulations:

• Solid particles can be incorporated, resulting in stabilized suspensions
• Incorporation of oily lipids results in so-called hydrolipid dispersions or quasiemulsions

Source: Handbook of Cosmetic Science and Technology - André O. Barel, Marc Paye, Howard I. Maibach

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Gluconolactone, also called glucono delta-lactone, is an ester of Gluconic Acid. Pure gluconolactone, is an ester of Glucanic Acid. Gluconolactone is formed by the removal of water from Gluconic Acid. Gluconic Acid is a carboxylic acid. In cosmetics and personal care products, Gluconic Acid and its derivatives may be used in the formulation of mouthwashes, bath products, cleansing products, skin care products and shampoo.

(CAS: 90-80-26/EINECS: 202-016-5)

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The world turned its attention to fenugreek (T foenum graecum) for its source of diosgenin.
Fenugreek or foenugreek seeds are emollient and accelerate the healing of suppurations and inflammations.
Externally cooked with water into a porridge and used as hot compresses on boils and abscesses in a similar manner to the use of linseed.
Decoctions of whole plant are used as a bath for uterus infections. The seeds are tonic, restorative, aphrodisiac, and galactagogue. Their emollient properties are useful for the itch. A cataplasm obtained by boiling the flour of the seeds with vinegar and saltpeter is used for swelling of the spleen.
Extracts of the seeds are incorporated into several cosmetics claimed to have effect on premature hair loss, and as a skin cleanser, and it is also reported in Java in hair tonics and to cure baldness. Many of the herbal materials found to have
an effect on hair growth have a hormonal or hormonalmimetic basis.

Likewise, there are a number of references to fenugreek having galactagogue (increase milk in nursing mothers) activity, which again is indicative of an estrogen-like
activity. The plant should be used with caution as fenugreek is reputed to be oxytocic and in vitro uterine stimulant activity has been documented, so the use of fenugreek during pregnancy and lactation in doses greatly exceeding those normally encountered in foods is not advisable.

Source: The internal and external use of medicinal plants - Anthony C. Dweck, FLS, FRSC, FRSH

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Ferulic Acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid) is a natural UV-absorber (maximum absorbance between 300 and 320 nm) derived and extracted from rice bran. Ferulic acid is available as an odourless and pale yellow crystalline powder. It is also a powerful antioxidant. Ferulic acid, unlike p-cinnamic acid and caffeic acid, scavenges superoxide anion radicals and also inhibits lipid peroxidation induced by superoxides. In 1886 Hlasiwetz and Barth in Innsbruck, Austria isolated a dibasic acid from Ferula foetida and named this compound ferulic acid. Five years later, it was isolated again from Pinus laricio Poir by Bamberger. It is now often extracted from rice bran (Oryza sativa).

(CAS: 1135-24-6/EINECS: 214-490-0)

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This bar chart provides schedule information where activities are listed on the vertical axis, dates are shown on the horizontal axis, and activity durations are shown as horizontal bars placed according to start and finish dates.

The Standard For Project Management And A Guide To The Project Management Body Of Knowledge (Pmbok® Guide) Seventh Edition

“Flava” means yellow in Greek and the collective name of flavonoids for this group of compounds was proposed by Geissman in 1952.

This is a very large group of compounds showing extraordinary diversity and variation and as the Greek root for the word suggests, many of these compounds are yellow in color. They consist of a number of structurally related groups of products, which are often identified as polyphenols. Many have a basic skeleton that contains 15 carbon atoms, which are usually subdivided into one part made up from a phenolic moiety and another which has a cinnamic acid molecule as a building block.

The group called the chalcones may be considered as the Friedel-Crafts reaction product of a (substituted) cinnamic acid and a phenol. The flavonoids in red wine (Vitis vinifera) such as quercetin, kaempferol, and anthocyanidins account for the free radical–scavenging activity.

In green tea (Camellia sinensis or Thea viridis), it is the catechins and catechin gallate esters that are shown to be effective antioxidants against free radicals. The dietary effectiveness of these materials has been known for generations and similar antioxidant effectiveness has been shown to occur when these materials are topically applied to protect skin cells.

Flavonoids also are a source of natural color, with yellows from the chalcones and flavonols, and reds, blues, and violets from the anthocyanidins. The flavones are colorless, but are still able to absorb UV strongly and so act as a beacon to pollinating insects. The exploitation of these molecules as a source of natural color in cosmetics and toiletries is just beginning, but their poor light stability is often a stumbling block. Flavonoids may be found as their glycosides. These are molecules that are substituted on one or more of the hydroxyl groups with a sugar such as galactose, glucose, mannose, or rhamnose, etc. The aglycons do not carry a sugar moiety.

Source: Dermatologic, Cosmeceutic and Cosmetic development - Kenneth A. Walters, Michael S. Roberts

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